Het is belangrijk om te weten dat de meeste mensen zich niet bewust zijn van het bestaan van een gevaarlijk medium koolhydraten en medium vet zone wanneer men probeert om de koolhydraten te verminderen, maar niet genoeg vermindert, en probeert de vet inname te verhogen, maar de vet inname niet voldoende verhoogt:
Four Nutrition Cases and Diabetes
An overview article compiled by Heretic, based on Dr.J.Kwasniewski's "Optimal Diet"**
4-Aug-2006
Many if not most doctors seem to be recommending the low carb diets for their diabetic (t2) patients while the American Diabetes Assoc. and other medical organizations haven't yet come to grips with that. It may seem curious that some official mainstream diabetic and medical organisations recommend to eat 50-60% carbs while at the same times the doctors are telling patients quietly to go Southbeach or Atkins. Naturally medical doctors or nurses cannot acknowledge that their recommendations are in conflict because they stand to loose if they suddenly challenged their own institutions.
It is important to stress then fact that most doctors are not yet aware of the existence of a dangerous medium carb medium fat zone when one tries reducing carbs but not quite enough and increasing fat intake, but not suffiently so.
When one reduce carbohydrates to about ~30-40% and increasing fats to ~35-45% calories**, it may in fact result in the worsening of the diabetes symptoms for diabetics, and in the increased risk of getting diabetes for healthy people, especially middle-aged adults and elderly. In that intermediate zone the amount of fat becomes high enough that body metabolism switches over to "burning" fatty acids and ketone bodies (our bodies prefer using fat and ketones for energy, over carbs). However when metabolism switches over towards fats it increases at the same time the insulin resistance factor, in order to block the insulin transport into the tissue cells. That insulin blokade serves the purpose of slowing down or blocking the glucose catabolic (="burning") pathways inside the cells, since both fat and glucose metabolic channels do not seem to coexist very well simultanously at the cellullar level. Yet the amount of carbohydrates consumed in this intermediate zone is still hight enough to cause the excessive and unwanted blood glucose to circulate in the bloodstream that still has to be somehow dealt with otherwise it would raise the concentration to a dangerously high level. Since the glucose catabolism is slowed down by the insulin resistance factor, body has no choice but to keep increasing the insulin concentration (by pancreas) to overcome the resistance until blood glucose level is brought back under control. In case of diabetes this additional insulin may have to be injected.
To simplify things, I one can identify the four distinct dietary zones:
1) low fat (below 30%) high carb (above 40%), low caloric zone (below about 25 kcal/kg/day*):
Body has no choice but to use all the carbohydrates for energy thus insulin resistance is low but blood insulin level is medium (cannot be very low since it is required for metabolism of glucose sugar).
Diabetes type 2 symptoms partially reverse but do not disappear completely.
2) low fat (below 30%) high carb (above 40%), high caloric (above 35kcal/kg/day):
Body receives excessive carbs and deals with the excess by converting part of carbohydrates (especially fructose!) into fat (triglycerides!). Insulin resistance increases and blood insulin level is high.
Note: the negative effects in this zone are exacerbated in the high carbohydrate limit (towards and beyond 60%) if the protein intake is too low, for example if the carbohydrate contents is above 60% and if the protein contents is below 20% (or less than about 2g/kg/day) then the amount of aminoacids available for enzyme production may be insufficient to efficiently digest and metabolize all carbohydrates. In that case body has no choice but slow down the activity and convert the increasing percentage of carbohydrates into fat rather than using it for energy. Another factor that may push metabolism towards converting carbs into fat for storage as opposed to "burning", is magnesium and zink defficiency, oxygen defficiency, excess of calcium, or overactivity of parasympathetic autonomous nervous system.
Diabetes type 2 symptoms tend to get progressively worse over time.
3) Medium fat (35-45% calories) medium carbohydrates:
Body switches to fat metabolism and insulin resistance becomes very high. Blood insulin level is the highest (or is required to be very high to maintain normal blood glucose level).
In diabetes type 2 this is the worse condition to be in. For healthy people this is the most obese-inducing, the most diabetes-inducing and the most arteriosclerotic diet. A case when such a diet may be benefitial (for a short time!) is deep free diving sport since it reduces the body oxygen requirement.
4) Very high fat, very low carb (less than 1g/kg/day) and medium protein (1-1.5g/kg/day):
Insulin resistance is high due to fat-oriented metabolism but blood insulin level and the insulin requirement is the lowest due to the very low carbohydrate turnover. Body tissues switch over to fat and ketone metabolism to conserve glucose. Ketone bodies are superior fuel for brain, neural tissue (e.g. epileptic diets!) and heart muscle. Ketone metabolism seems also to suppress cancerous growth. It seems to be our bodies' most natural type of metabolism.
In diabetes type 2: most symptoms reverse very quickly and completely, within typically 2 weeks to a couple of months
Stan Bleszynski
Two metabolic pathways of glucose:
1) Hexose cycle.
Glucose is OXIDIZED and about 4 Cal/g is extracted in the catabolic (="burning") process, going through a very complex reaction chain involving multiple stages where hormones like insulin and minerals like Magnesium are necessary components. The problem with hexose cycle is that some but not all body tissues can thrive or can utilize glucose as fuel efficiently. One such tissue is the heart muscle which has the highest volume of mitochondria of all, thus it means that it is by its nature meant to process mostly fats not glucose (mitochondrias are organellas specializing in metabolizing lipids). When heart muscle is forced to use glucose because of lack of lipids or ketone bodies, it may grow abnormally large in size, become inefficient and uses up too much oxygen. Such condition leads to cardiomyopathy. Another such tissues is skin and arterial walls.
2) Pentose cycle (sometimes refered as "Pentose Shunt").
Glucose is REDUCED and about 0 kcal/g or less than 0 (endothermic) is extracted in the metabolic (="transformation") process, going through a very complex process involving multiple stages where hormones like insulin and minerals like Magnesium are necessary components. This oxygen is then utilized to burn fat releasing about 9kcal per 1g of fat. One of the by-products of the pentose cycle is cholesterol depositing in the tissue (but not in blood) and triglycerides (produced in liver and release into bloodstream). Since pentose cycle allows extraction of oxygen out of glucose, the overall oxygen intake out of air is reduced thus such process may be advantageous for survival in some temporary situations.
Now the key point of the article was Kwasniewski's own observation that it is the Pentose, not Hexose glucose cycle that is associated with arterial plaque formation, diabetes type 2, obesity and few other characteristic symptoms. He was able to quantitatively correlate the absolute intensity of the pentose cycle taking place with arterial plaque formation, and also the ratio between the pentose-to-hexose pathways to the same. The absolute intensity of the pentose cycle is proportional to both the total amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed! This, for the sake of illustration can be modeled symbolically by the formula:
Pentose intensity = Carbs * Fats * k
The most interesting information is that the turning point where the pentose cycle is at MAXIMUM is when the amount of dietary fat is within this narrow range of 35-45% of calories, while carbohydrates constitute also a similar fraction, by calories! Note that this is not always as straightforward since there are situations when despite the equal presence of fat and carbohydrates pentose cycle my be artificially suppressed. Such situation takes place when there is overabundant supply of oxygen, especially when the body is very healthy, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems are efficient (=young people) and/or when the sympathetic autonomous nervous system is artificially over-activated, while the parasympathetic is suppressed (parasympathetic promotes pentose cycle!), and when the total amount of food calories is slightly below the normal amount or semi-starving (when body cannot afford to under-utilize carbs calories through pentose cycle).
For mathematically minded like me, one can say that the proportionality factor k is a function of the above-listed conditions, that is:
k=f(Para/Symp, total cal, total oxygenation) , etc.
How to minimize pentose cycle?
A) MINIMIZE FAT
That is, when there is very little fat then the pentose cycle does not take place and instead, most of the carbohydrates are metabolised through the first process (hexose cycle). That is possibly the best explanation behind the partial success of the Ornish's very low fat diet! Since it has very little fat and low in total calories as well, there is very little pentose cycle taking place, thus the plaque formation is stopped. Since such diet, at the same time undernourishes arteries (which require lipids) it also explains why the process is only stopped but cannot fully reverse and heal the arteries. Although overactive hexose with suppressed pentose cycle does stop the plaque formation, it may also bring its own specific health risks among which is hardening and weakening of the arteries (but without the plaque!), hypertension, undernourishment of skin and certain other tissues (e.g. eye cornea), weak immune resistance to infections and changing of the body tissue protein signatures that may trigger auto-immune agression reaction which may lead to auto-immune diseases such as asthma, eczema, MS, diabetes t1, Crohn's etc.
B) MINIMIZE CARBOHYDRATES
Apart from reducing fat, pentose cycle can also be easily minimized by increasing fat and simultaneously by reducing carbohydrate consumption down to about 10% of calories or less! Note that once the pentose cycle intensity goes below a certain threshold, its toxic long term effects are no longer present while the beneficial temporary reduction in oxygen requirement may be beneficial. This is the main metabolic rationale behind the high fat low carb diets such as Kwasniewski's "Optimal Diet", Atkins' or Lutz, and the reason for their therapeutic successes.
Zie ook:
http://www.velsensor.com/ptbo/Heretical.htm
). Nu wil ik het volgende maar niet begrijpen - Wat gebeurt er met je bloedglucose wanneer je in de vetverbranding zit?
